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It is a common assumption that in many countries mass mediacensorship is imposed by an authoritarian government on an unwillingpublic. This study examines public opinion about televisioncensorship in the island nation of Singapore. More specifically,we tested the third-person effect hypothesis, which suggeststhat people expect media content to have more negative influenceon others than on themselves, and that some support for censorshipis based on that perceptual bias. Data for the study came from face-to-face interviews with 506randomly selected Singaporeans who evaluated ten categoriesof ‘sensitive’ television content. Results revealed(1) a substantial perceptual bias in all content categories;(2) generally strong opinion favoring censorship of televisioncontent; and (3) a significant relationship between these twofactors, suggesting that people may support censorship of mediain part because of a tendency to overestimate its negative influence. 相似文献
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Genre in a social theory of language 总被引：1，自引：0，他引：1
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Luiz Gustavo Marin Emed Daniela Gunther Passaglia Surya T. Guerios Paula G. D. João André I. S. Moser Dulcinéia S. P. Abdalla 《Journal of sports sciences》2016,34(17):1657-1661
We aimed to evaluate the effects of a 24-h ultramarathon, an aerobic test of high physical load, on lipid profile and apolipoproteins B (ApoB) and A1 (ApoA1) levels, minimally modified low-density lipoprotein (LDL), and oxidised LDL. Prospective evaluation of 16 male athletes who participated in an ultramarathon run, where the objective was to run the greatest distance possible in 24 h. Fourteen participants completed the run. The mean distance achieved was 133.1 km (maximum of 169.6 km). There was a trend in reduction of triglycerides and total cholesterol (P = 0.06 and 0.05, respectively), without significant modifications in high-density lipoprotein, LDL and ApoA1 levels (P = 0.16; 0.55 and 0.67). There was a marked reduction in ApoB levels (P < 0.001), correlated directly to the distance covered (Pearson R = 0.68). Accordingly, an increase in the LDL/ApoB ratio was observed. The stress of this physical activity was not associated to an increase in minimally modified LDL or oxidised LDL. Lipid profile levels were not acutely altered by prolonged physical activity. Similarly, there was no evidence of greater oxidation of LDL over a 24-h period of physical activity. The reduction in ApoB was directly proportional to the distance covered, suggesting an acute positive change in phenotype of LDL molecules. 相似文献
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Nicholas J. Grahame Robert C. Barnet Lisa M. Gunther Ralph R. Miller 《Learning & behavior》1994,22(4):395-408
Treatments that attenuate latent inhibition (LI) were examined using conditioned suppression in rats. In Experiment 1, retarded conditioned responding was produced by nonreinforced exposure to the CS prior to the CS-US pairings used to assess retardation (i.e., conventional LI). In Experiment la, retarded conditioned responding was induced by preexposure to pairings of the CS and a weak US prior to retardation-test pairings of the CS with a strong US (i.e., Hall-Pearce [1979] LI). Both types of LI were attenuated by extensive exposure to the training context (i.e., context extinction) following the CS-US pairings of the retardation test. Experiment 2 examined the specificity of the attenuated LI effect observed in Experiment 1. After preexposure to two different CSs in two different contexts, each CS was paired with a US in its respective preexposure context. One of the two contexts was then extinguished. This attenuated LI to a greater degree for the CS that had been trained in the extinguished context. Experiment 3 differentiated the roles in LI of CS-context associations and context-US associations. Following preexposure to the CS in the training context, LI was reduced by further exposure to the CS outside the training context. This observation was interpreted as implicating the CS-context association as a factor in LI. Thus, the results of these experiments suggest that LI is a performance deficit mediated by unusually strong CS-context associations. Implications for Wagner’s (1981) SOP model and Miller and Matzel’s (1988) comparator hypothesis are discussed. 相似文献
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Gunther Kress 《Cambridge Journal of Education》2000,30(1):133-145
The paper argues that the changes in the social and economic circumstances which characterise the present period, make it essential to rethink the relation of curriculum, its purposes and shapes, to the social and economic environment of the near future. It offers some evidence of such change and its causes, even at the moment, and asks questions about essential characteristics of educational agendas in the near future. In particular, it argues that where the previous era had required an education for stability, the coming era requires an education for instability. The question then arises as to what the characteristics of curricula and pedagogies for instability are, and what dispositions for those who experience education are imagined and aimed for. It concludes with some comments on a curriculum of communication, in which facility with design has superseded competence in use, and where the broad social and cultural environment is one where identity is defined through a relation to consumption, where all commodities have taken on semiotic function so that the question of aesthetics (as the politics of style in all domains) is again in the forefront of concerns in the curriculum of communication. 相似文献
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Extinction-induced attenuation of single-phase and two-phase blocking was examined with rats in a conditioned lick-suppression
task. In Experiment 1, which compared the effectiveness of single- and two-phase blocking, it was found that single-phase
blocking was facilitated by the initiation of training with an A-US trial rather than an AX-US trial. Single-phase (but not
two-phase) blocking was attenuated as a result of 200 extinction trials with the blocking stimulus (Experiment 2). Experiment
3 revealed recovery from two-phase blocking after 800 extinction trials with the blocking stimulus. Recovery from both types
of blocking was specific to the blocked CS trained in compound with the extinguished stimulus (Experiment 4). This is the
first article to report that the blocking deficit can be reversed by extinguishing the blocking stimulus. These results are
discussed in light of acquisition models (i.e., retrospective revaluation) and expression models (i.e., the comparator hypothesis). 相似文献